# Transistors (Changing Bits)

The most important invention in the history of computers is (arguably) the transistor. A transistor can serve two purposes:

• It can amplify a signal (transistor radio).

• It can switch on and off ridiculously fast. This fast switching is what allows a computer to make decisions very fast.

Think of a transistor like a gate which either allows electricity through (1) or blocks it (0). If a small amount of electricity is applied to the base pin, whatever is on the collector pin is permitted through the emitter pin.

Controlling electricity like this gives us the ability to create boolean logic or logic gates.

## Consider this:

Transistors can be made as small as $10\text{ nanometers}$ . That's $0.00001 \text{ millimeters}$. A typical sheet of white printer paper is about $280,000\text{ nm}$ thick yet a transistor can be made $10 \text{ nm}$. They are so small that Apple's A11 chip in the iPhone X has $4.3 \text{ billion}$transistors yet it is only $88 \text{ mm}^2$.